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# Research talks  | enregistrements trouvés : 875

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## Post-edited  Were the foundations of measurement without theory laid in the 1920s? Pradier, Pierre-Charles (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

In his 1947 essay, Tjalling Koopmans criticized the development of an empirical science that had no theoretical basis, what he referred to as measurement without theory. The controversy over the status of relations based on mere statistical inference has not ceased since then. Instead of looking for the contemporary consequences, however, I will inquire into its early beginnings. As early as the 1900s, Walras, Pareto and Juglar exchanged views on the status of theory and its relation to economic data. These private exchanges acquired the status of scientific controversy in the aftermath of the First World War, with the dissemination of Pareto’s work. It is precisely this moment that I will try to grasp, when engineers began to read and write pure economic treatises, questioning the relation between theory and empirical problems, the nature of their project and the expectations that the subsequent development of economics has tried to fulfill.

Cournot Centre session devoted to the transformations that took place in mathematical economics during the interwar period.
In his 1947 essay, Tjalling Koopmans criticized the development of an empirical science that had no theoretical basis, what he referred to as measurement without theory. The controversy over the status of relations based on mere statistical inference has not ceased since then. Instead of looking for the contemporary consequences, however, I will inquire into its early beginnings. As early as the 1900s, Walras, Pareto and Juglar exchanged views ...

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## Post-edited  ​​​Growth of normalizing sequences in limit theorems Gouëzel, Sébastien (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

​Assume that a renormalized Birkhoff sum $S_n f/B_n$ converges in distribution to a nontrivial limit. What can one say about the sequence $B_n$? Most natural statements in the literature involve sequences $B_n$ of the form $B_n = n^\alpha L(n)$, where $L$ is slowly varying. We will discuss the possible growth rate of $B_n$ both in the probability preserving case and the conservative case. In particular, we will describe examples where $B_n$ grows superpolynomially, or where $B_{n+1}/B_n$ does not tend to $1$.
​Assume that a renormalized Birkhoff sum $S_n f/B_n$ converges in distribution to a nontrivial limit. What can one say about the sequence $B_n$? Most natural statements in the literature involve sequences $B_n$ of the form $B_n = n^\alpha L(n)$, where $L$ is slowly varying. We will discuss the possible growth rate of $B_n$ both in the probability preserving case and the conservative case. In particular, we will describe examples where $B_n$ ...

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## Post-edited  Multiple Bernoulli series and volumes of moduli spaces of flat bundles over surfaces Boysal, Arzu (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Using Szenes formula for multiple Bernoulli series, we explain how to compute Witten series associated to classical Lie algebras. Particular instances of these series compute volumes of moduli spaces of flat bundles over surfaces, and also certain multiple zeta values.
This is joint work with V. Baldoni and M. Vergne.

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## Post-edited  Uniform distribution mod 1, results and open problems Katai, Imre (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Given a fixed integer $q \geq 2$, an irrational number $\xi$ is said to be a $q$-normal number if any preassigned sequence of $k$ digits occurs in the $q$-ary expansion of $\xi$ with the expected frequency, that is $1/q^k$. In this talk, we expose new methods that allow for the construction of large families of normal numbers. This is joint work with Professor Jean-Marie De Koninck.

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## Post-edited  Large-time behavior in (hypo)coercive ODE-systems and kinetic models Arnold, Anton (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

In this talk we discuss the convergence to equilibrium in conservative-dissipative ODE-systems, kinetic relaxation models (of BGK-type), and Fokker-Planck equation. This will include symmetric, non-symmetric and hypocoercive evolution equations. A main focus will be on deriving sharp decay rates.
We shall start with hypocoercivity in ODE systems, with the ”hypocoercivity index” characterizing its structural complexity.
BGK equations are kinetic transport equations with a relaxation operator that drives the phase space distribution towards the spatially local equilibrium, a Gaussian with the same macroscopic parameters. Due to the absence of dissipation w.r.t. the spatial direction, convergence to the global equilibrium is only possible thanks to the transport term that mixes various positions. Hence, such models are hypocoercive.
We shall prove exponential convergence towards the equilibrium with explicit rates for several linear, space periodic BGK-models in dimension 1 and 2. Their BGK-operators differ by the number of conserved macroscopic quantities (like mass, momentum, energy), and hence their hypocoercivity index. Our discussion includes also discrete velocity models, and the local exponential stability of a nonlinear BGK-model.
The third part of the talk is concerned with the entropy method for (non)symmetric Fokker-Planck equations, which is a powerful tool to analyze the rate of convergence to the equilibrium (in relative entropy and hence in L1). The essence of the method is to first derive a differential inequality between the first and second time derivative of the relative entropy, and then between the entropy dissipation and the entropy. For hypocoercive Fokker-Planck equations, i.e. degenerate parabolic equations (with drift terms that are linear in the spatial variable) we modify the classical entropy method by introducing an auxiliary functional (of entropy dissipation type) to prove exponential decay of the solution towards the steady state in relative entropy. The obtained rate is indeed sharp (both for the logarithmic and quadratic entropy). Finally, we extend the method to the kinetic Fokker-Planck equation (with nonquadratic potential).
In this talk we discuss the convergence to equilibrium in conservative-dissipative ODE-systems, kinetic relaxation models (of BGK-type), and Fokker-Planck equation. This will include symmetric, non-symmetric and hypocoercive evolution equations. A main focus will be on deriving sharp decay rates.
We shall start with hypocoercivity in ODE systems, with the ”hypocoercivity index” characterizing its structural complexity.
BGK equations are kinetic ...

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## Post-edited  Mahler's method in several variables Adamczewski, Boris (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Any algebraic (resp. linear) relation over the field of rational functions with algebraic coefficients between given analytic functions leads by specialization to algebraic (resp. linear) relations over the field of algebraic numbers between the values of these functions. Number theorists have long been interested in proving results going in the other direction. Though the converse result is known to be false in general, Mahler’s method provides one of the few known instances where it essentially holds true. After the works of Nishioka, and more recently of Philippon, Faverjon and the speaker, the theory of Mahler functions in one variable is now rather well understood. In contrast, and despite the contributions of Mahler, Loxton and van der Poorten, Kubota, Masser, and Nishioka among others, the theory of Mahler functions in several variables remains much less developed. In this talk, I will discuss recent progresses concerning the case of regular singular systems, as well as possible applications of this theory. This is a joint work with Colin Faverjon.
Any algebraic (resp. linear) relation over the field of rational functions with algebraic coefficients between given analytic functions leads by specialization to algebraic (resp. linear) relations over the field of algebraic numbers between the values of these functions. Number theorists have long been interested in proving results going in the other direction. Though the converse result is known to be false in general, Mahler’s method provides ...

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## Post-edited  Approximation and calibration of laws of solutions to stochastic differential equations Bion-Nadal, Jocelyne (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

In many situations where stochastic modeling is used, one desires to choose the coefficients of a stochastic differential equation which represents the reality as simply as possible. For example one desires to approximate a diffusion model
with high complexity coefficients by a model within a class of simple diffusion models. To achieve this goal, we introduce a new Wasserstein type distance on the set of laws of solutions to d-dimensional stochastic differential equations.
This new distance $\widetilde{W}^{2}$ is defined similarly to the classical Wasserstein distance $\widetilde{W}^{2}$ but the set of couplings is restricted to the set of laws of solutions of 2$d$-dimensional stochastic differential equations. We prove that this new distance $\widetilde{W}^{2}$ metrizes the weak topology. Furthermore this distance $\widetilde{W}^{2}$ is characterized in terms of a stochastic control problem. In the case d = 1 we can construct an explicit solution. The multi-dimensional case, is more tricky and classical results do not apply to solve the HJB equation because of the degeneracy of the differential operator. Nevertheless, we prove that this HJB equation admits a regular solution.
In many situations where stochastic modeling is used, one desires to choose the coefficients of a stochastic differential equation which represents the reality as simply as possible. For example one desires to approximate a diffusion model
with high complexity coefficients by a model within a class of simple diffusion models. To achieve this goal, we introduce a new Wasserstein type distance on the set of laws of solutions to d-dimensional ...

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## Post-edited  Graphons and graphexes as limits of sparse graphs - lecture 1 Chayes, Jennifer Tour (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Graphons and graphexes are limits of graphs which allow us to model and estimate properties of large-scale networks. In this pair of talks, we review the theory of dense graph limits, and give two alterative theories for limits of sparse graphs - one leading to unbounded graphons over probability spaces, and the other leading to bounded graphons (and graphexes) over sigma-finite measure spaces. Talk I, given by Jennifer, will review the general theory, highlight the unbounded graphons, and show how they can be used to consistently estimate properties of large sparse networks. This talk will also give an application of these sparse graphons to collaborative filtering on sparse bipartite networks. Talk II, given by Christian, will recast limits of dense graphs in terms of exchangeability and the Aldous Hoover Theorem, and generalize this to obtain sparse graphons and graphexes as limits of subgraph samples from sparse graph sequences. This will provide a dual view of sparse graph limits as processes and random measures, an approach which allows a generalization of many of the well-known results and techniques for dense graph sequences.
Graphons and graphexes are limits of graphs which allow us to model and estimate properties of large-scale networks. In this pair of talks, we review the theory of dense graph limits, and give two alterative theories for limits of sparse graphs - one leading to unbounded graphons over probability spaces, and the other leading to bounded graphons (and graphexes) over sigma-finite measure spaces. Talk I, given by Jennifer, will review the general ...

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## Post-edited  Graphons and graphexes as limits of sparse graphs - lecture 2 Borgs, Christian (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Graphons and graphexes are limits of graphs which allow us to model and estimate properties of large-scale networks. In this pair of talks, we review the theory of dense graph limits, and give two alterative theories for limits of sparse graphs - one leading to unbounded graphons over probability spaces, and the other leading to bounded graphons (and graphexes) over sigma-finite measure spaces. Talk I, given by Jennifer, will review the general theory, highlight the unbounded graphons, and show how they can be used to consistently estimate properties of large sparse networks. This talk will also give an application of these sparse graphons to collaborative filtering on sparse bipartite networks. Talk II, given by Christian, will recast limits of dense graphs in terms of exchangeability and the Aldous Hoover Theorem, and generalize this to obtain sparse graphons and graphexes as limits of subgraph samples from sparse graph sequences. This will provide a dual view of sparse graph limits as processes and random measures, an approach which allows a generalization of many of the well-known results and techniques for dense graph sequences.
Graphons and graphexes are limits of graphs which allow us to model and estimate properties of large-scale networks. In this pair of talks, we review the theory of dense graph limits, and give two alterative theories for limits of sparse graphs - one leading to unbounded graphons over probability spaces, and the other leading to bounded graphons (and graphexes) over sigma-finite measure spaces. Talk I, given by Jennifer, will review the general ...

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## Post-edited  Mathematical modelling of angiogenesis Maini, Philip (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Tumour vascular is highly disordered and has been the subject of intense interest both clinically (anti-angiogenesis therapies) and theoretically (many models have been proposed). In this talk, I will review aspects of modelling tumour angiogenesis and how different modelling assumptions impact conclusions on oxygen delivery and, therefore, predictions on the possible effects of radiation treatments.

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## Post-edited  Local acyclicity in $p$-adic geometry Scholze, Peter (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Motivated by applications to the geometric Satake equivalence and in particular the construction of the fusion product, we define a notion of universally locally acyclic for rigid spaces and diamonds, and prove that it has the expected properties.

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## Post-edited  The evolution of cooperation in an iterated survival game Wakeley, John (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

A new type of a simple iterated game with natural biological motivation is introduced. Two individuals are chosen at random from a population. They must survive a certain number of steps. They start together, but if one of them dies the other one tries to survive on its own. The only payoff is to survive the game. We only allow two strategies: cooperators help the other individual, while defectors do not. There is no strategic complexity. There are no conditional strategies. Depending on the number of steps we recover various forms of stringent and relaxed cooperative dilemmas. We derive conditions for the evolution of cooperation.
Specifically, we describe an iterated game between two players, in which the payoff is to survive a number of steps. Expected payoffs are probabilities of survival. A key feature of the game is that individuals have to survive on their own if their partner dies. We consider individuals with simple, unconditional strategies. When both players are present, each step is a symmetric two-player game. As the number of iterations tends to infinity, all probabilities of survival decrease to zero. We obtain general, analytical results for n-step payoffs and use these to describe how the game changes as n increases. In order to predict changes in the frequency of a cooperative strategy over time, we embed the survival game in three different models of a large, well-mixed population. Two of these models are deterministic and one is stochastic. Offspring receive their parent’s type without modification and fitnesses are determined by the game. Increasing the number of iterations changes the prospects for cooperation. All models become neutral in the limit $(n \rightarrow \infty)$. Further, if pairs of cooperative individuals survive together with high probability, specifically higher than for any other pair and for either type when it is alone, then cooperation becomes favored if the number of iterations is large enough. This holds regardless of the structure of pairwise interactions in a single step. Even if the single-step interaction is a Prisoner’s Dilemma, the cooperative type becomes favored. Enhanced survival is crucial in these iterated evolutionary games: if players in pairs start the game with a fitness deficit relative to lone individuals, the prospects for cooperation can become even worse than in the case of a single-step game.
A new type of a simple iterated game with natural biological motivation is introduced. Two individuals are chosen at random from a population. They must survive a certain number of steps. They start together, but if one of them dies the other one tries to survive on its own. The only payoff is to survive the game. We only allow two strategies: cooperators help the other individual, while defectors do not. There is no strategic complexity. There ...

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## Post-edited  The Verlinde formula for Higgs bundles Andersen, Jorgen Ellegaard (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

In this talk we will present a Verlinde formula for the quantization of the Higgs bundle moduli spaces and stacks for any simple and simply-connected group. We further present a Verlinde formula for the quantization of parabolic Higgs bundle moduli spaces and stacks. We will explain how all these dimensions fit into a one parameter family of 2D TQFT’s, encoded in a one parameter family of Frobenius algebras, which we will construct.

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## Post-edited  Galois theory and walks in the quarter plane Hardouin, Charlotte (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

In the recent years, the nature of the generating series of walks in the quarter plane has attracted the attention of many authors in combinatorics and probability. The main questions are: are they algebraic, holonomic (solutions of linear differential equations) or at least hyperalgebraic (solutions of algebraic differential equations)? In this talk, we will show how the nature of the generating function can be approached via the study of a discrete functional equation over a curve E, of genus zero or one. In the first case, the functional equation corresponds to a so called q-difference equation and all the related generating series are differentially transcendental. For the genus one case, the dynamic of the functional equation corresponds to the addition by a given point P of the elliptic curve E. In that situation, one can relate the nature of the generating series to the fact that the point P is of torsion or not.
In the recent years, the nature of the generating series of walks in the quarter plane has attracted the attention of many authors in combinatorics and probability. The main questions are: are they algebraic, holonomic (solutions of linear differential equations) or at least hyperalgebraic (solutions of algebraic differential equations)? In this talk, we will show how the nature of the generating function can be approached via the study of a ...

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## Post-edited  Stable models for modular curves in prime level Parent, Pierre (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

We describe stable models for modular curves associated with all maximal subgroups in prime level, including in particular the new case of non-split Cartan curves.
Joint work with Bas Edixhoven.

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## Post-edited  Avoiding Jacobians Masser, David (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

It is classical that, for example, there is a simple abelian variety of dimension $4$ which is not the jacobian of any curve of genus $4$, and it is not hard to see that there is one defined over the field of all algebraic numbers $\overline{\bf Q}$. In $2012$ Chai and Oort asked if there is a simple abelian fourfold, defined over $\overline{\bf Q}$, which is not even isogenous to any jacobian. In the same year Tsimerman answered ''yes''. Recently Zannier and I have done this over the rationals $\bf Q$, and with ''yes, almost all''. In my talk I will explain ''almost all'' the concepts involved.
It is classical that, for example, there is a simple abelian variety of dimension $4$ which is not the jacobian of any curve of genus $4$, and it is not hard to see that there is one defined over the field of all algebraic numbers $\overline{\bf Q}$. In $2012$ Chai and Oort asked if there is a simple abelian fourfold, defined over $\overline{\bf Q}$, which is not even isogenous to any jacobian. In the same year Tsimerman answered ''yes''. ...

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## Post-edited  Singular SPDE with rough coefficients Otto, Felix (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

We are interested in parabolic differential equations $(\partial_t-a\partial_x^2)u=f$ with a very irregular forcing $f$ and only mildly regular coefficients $a$. This is motivated by stochastic differential equations, where $f$ is random, and quasilinear equations, where $a$ is a (nonlinear) function of $u$.
Below a certain threshold for the regularity of $f$ and $a$ (on the Hölder scale), giving even a sense to this equation requires a renormalization. In the framework of the above setting, we present recent ideas from the area of stochastic differential equations (Lyons' rough path, Gubinelli's controlled rough paths, Hairer's regularity structures) that allow to build a solution theory. We make a connection with Safonov's approach to Schauder theory.
This is based on joint work with H. Weber, J. Sauer, and S. Smith.
We are interested in parabolic differential equations $(\partial_t-a\partial_x^2)u=f$ with a very irregular forcing $f$ and only mildly regular coefficients $a$. This is motivated by stochastic differential equations, where $f$ is random, and quasilinear equations, where $a$ is a (nonlinear) function of $u$.
Below a certain threshold for the regularity of $f$ and $a$ (on the Hölder scale), giving even a sense to this equation requires a ...

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## Post-edited  Affectation dans l’enseignement supérieur : sélection et algorithmes Courant, Judicaël (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Déléguer à une machine l'affectation des bacheliers dans le supérieur pose un certain nombre de questions : quels règles souhaite-t-on pour l'accès au supérieur ? Quels sont alors les objectifs assignés à la machine ? Quel algorithme permet de les atteindre ? Comment permettre à tous les citoyens de vérifier une exécution de l'algorithme ? On verra rapidement quels faux et vrais problèmes posait APB et pose Parcoursup. Je présenterai l'algorithme de Gale-Shapley et je montrerai comment on peut vérifier a posteriori que cet algorithme a été exécuté correctement, de façon plus ou moins complète selon le degré d'anonymat des candidatures et des classements.

In France, matching students who have passed the baccalaureat to higher education is a computer-based process. A new process is being used this year. Some questions arise: what are the rules that determine access to higher education? What goal is the computer-based process supposed to be aimed at? By what means? How are citizens allowed to check that the process runs smoothly and gives equitable results? This talk reviews some of the issues raised by both the former and the new processes, introduces the Gale-Shapley algorithm and explains how a run of the process can be independently verified.
Déléguer à une machine l'affectation des bacheliers dans le supérieur pose un certain nombre de questions : quels règles souhaite-t-on pour l'accès au supérieur ? Quels sont alors les objectifs assignés à la machine ? Quel algorithme permet de les atteindre ? Comment permettre à tous les citoyens de vérifier une exécution de l'algorithme ? On verra rapidement quels faux et vrais problèmes posait APB et pose Parcoursup. Je présenterai l'...

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## Post-edited  Of commutators and Jacobians Hytönen, Tuomas P. (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

The boundedness (on $L^p$ spaces) of commutators $[b,T] = bT-Tb$ of pointwise multiplication $b$ and singular integral operators $T$ has been well studied for a long time. Curiously, the necessary conditions for this boundedness to happen are generally less understood than the sufficient conditions, for instance what comes to the assumptions on the operator $T$. I will discuss some new results in this direction, and show how this circle of ideas relates to the mapping properties of the Jacobian (the determinant of the derivative matrix) on first order Sobolev spaces. This is work in progress at the time of submitting the abstract, so I will hopefully be able to present some fairly fresh material.
The boundedness (on $L^p$ spaces) of commutators $[b,T] = bT-Tb$ of pointwise multiplication $b$ and singular integral operators $T$ has been well studied for a long time. Curiously, the necessary conditions for this boundedness to happen are generally less understood than the sufficient conditions, for instance what comes to the assumptions on the operator $T$. I will discuss some new results in this direction, and show how this circle of ideas ...

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## Post-edited  Periods of polarized hyperkähler manifolds​ Debarre, Olivier (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Hyperkähler manifolds are higher-dimensional analogs of K3 surfaces. Verbitsky and Markmann recently proved that their period map is an open embedding. In a joint work with E. Macri, we explicitly determine the image of this map in some cases. I will explain this result together with a nice application (found by Bayer and Mongardi) to the (almost complete) determination of the image of the period map for cubic fourfolds, hereby partially recovering a result of Laza.
Hyperkähler manifolds are higher-dimensional analogs of K3 surfaces. Verbitsky and Markmann recently proved that their period map is an open embedding. In a joint work with E. Macri, we explicitly determine the image of this map in some cases. I will explain this result together with a nice application (found by Bayer and Mongardi) to the (almost complete) determination of the image of the period map for cubic fourfolds, hereby partially ...

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