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# CEMRACS  | enregistrements trouvés : 116

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## Post-edited  Modelling of magnetic fusion plasmas: from fluid to kinetic description: kinetic MHD Garbet, Xavier (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

This lecture will present a short overview on kinetic MHD. The advantages and drawbacks of kinetic versus fluid modelling will be summarized. Various techniques to implement kinetic effects in the fluid description will be introduced with increasing complexity: bi-fluid effects, gyroaverage fields, Landau closures. Hybrid formulations, which combine fluid and kinetic approaches will be presented. It will be shown that these formulations raise several difficulties, including inconsistent ordering and choice of representation. The non linear dynamics of an internal kink mode in a tokamak will be used as a test bed for the various formulations. It will be shown that bi-fluid effects can explain to some extent fast plasma relaxations (reconnection), but cannot address kinetic instabilities due to energetic particles. Some results of hybrid codes will be shown. Recent developments and perspectives will be given in conclusion.
This lecture will present a short overview on kinetic MHD. The advantages and drawbacks of kinetic versus fluid modelling will be summarized. Various techniques to implement kinetic effects in the fluid description will be introduced with increasing complexity: bi-fluid effects, gyroaverage fields, Landau closures. Hybrid formulations, which combine fluid and kinetic approaches will be presented. It will be shown that these formulations raise ...

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## Post-edited  Exact conservation laws for gyrokinetic Vlasov-Poisson equations Tronko, Natalia (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

The momentum transport in a fusion device such as a tokamak has been in a scope of the interest during last decade. Indeed, it is tightly related to the plasma rotation and therefore its stabilization, which in its turn is essential for the confinement improvement. The intrinsic rotation, i.e. the part of the rotation occurring without any external torque is one of the possible sources of plasma stabilization.
The modern gyrokinetic theory [3] is an ubiquitous theoretical framework for lowfrequency fusion plasma description. In this work we are using the field theory formulation of the modern gyrokinetics [1]. The main attention is focussed on derivation of the momentum conservation law via the Noether method, which allows to connect symmetries of the system with conserved quantities by means of the infinitesimal space-time translations and rotations.
Such an approach allows to consistently keep the gyrokinetic dynamical reduction effects into account and therefore leads towards a complete momentum transport equation.
Elucidating the role of the gyrokinetic polarization is one of the main results of this work. We show that the terms resulting from each step of the dynamical reduction (guiding-center and gyrocenter) should be consistently taken into account in order to establish physical meaning of the transported quantity. The present work [2] generalizes previous result obtained in [4] by taking into the account purely geometrical contributions into the radial polarization.
The momentum transport in a fusion device such as a tokamak has been in a scope of the interest during last decade. Indeed, it is tightly related to the plasma rotation and therefore its stabilization, which in its turn is essential for the confinement improvement. The intrinsic rotation, i.e. the part of the rotation occurring without any external torque is one of the possible sources of plasma stabilization.
The modern gyrokinetic theory [3] ...

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## Post-edited  Towards complex and realistic tokamaks geometries in computational plasma physics Ratnani, Ahmed (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

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## Post-edited  A simple HLLC-type Riemann solver for compressible non-equilibrium two-phase flows Furfaro, Damien (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

A simple, robust and accurate HLLC-type Riemann solver for two-phase 7-equation type models is built. It involves 4 waves per phase, i.e. the three conventional right- and left-facing and contact waves, augmented by an extra "interfacial" wave. Inspired by the Discrete Equations Method (Abgrall and Saurel, 2003), this wave speed $u_I$ is assumed function only of the piecewise constant initial data. Therefore it is computed easily from these initial data. The same is done for the interfacial pressure $P_I$. Interfacial variables $u_I$ and $P_I$ are thus local constants in the Riemann problem. Thanks to this property there is no difficulty to express the non-conservative system of partial differential equations in local conservative form. With the conventional HLLC wave speed estimates and the extra interfacial speed $u_I$, the four-waves Riemann problem for each phase is solved following the same strategy as in Toro et al. (1994) for the Euler equations. As $u_I$ and $P_I$ are functions only of the Riemann problem initial data, the two-phase Riemann problem consists in two independent Riemann problems with 4 waves only. Moreover, it is shown that these solvers are entropy producing. The method is easy to code and very robust. Its accuracy is validated against exact solutions as well as experimental data.
A simple, robust and accurate HLLC-type Riemann solver for two-phase 7-equation type models is built. It involves 4 waves per phase, i.e. the three conventional right- and left-facing and contact waves, augmented by an extra "interfacial" wave. Inspired by the Discrete Equations Method (Abgrall and Saurel, 2003), this wave speed $u_I$ is assumed function only of the piecewise constant initial data. Therefore it is computed easily from these ...

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## Post-edited  Mathematical properties of hierarchies of reduced MHD models Després, Bruno (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Reduced MHD models in Tokamak geometry are convenient simplifications of full MHD and are fundamental for the numerical simulation of MHD stability in Tokamaks. This presentation will address the mathematical well-posedness and the justification of the such models.
The first result is a systematic design of hierachies of well-posed reduced MHD models. Here well-posed means that the system is endowed with a physically sound energy identity and that existence of a weak solution can be proved. Some of these models will be detailed.
The second result is perhaps more important for applications. It provides understanding on the fact the the growth rate of linear instabilities of the initial (non reduced) model is lower bounded by the growth rate of linear instabilities of the reduced model.
This work has been done with Rémy Sart.
Reduced MHD models in Tokamak geometry are convenient simplifications of full MHD and are fundamental for the numerical simulation of MHD stability in Tokamaks. This presentation will address the mathematical well-posedness and the justification of the such models.
The first result is a systematic design of hierachies of well-posed reduced MHD models. Here well-posed means that the system is endowed with a physically sound energy ...

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## Post-edited  Mathematical and numerical analysis of some fluid structure interaction problems - Lecture 1 Grandmont, Céline (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Many physical phenomena deal with a fluid interacting with a moving rigid or deformable structure. These kinds of problems have a lot of important applications, for instance, in aeroelasticity, biomechanics, hydroelasticity, sedimentation, etc. From the analytical point of view as well as from the numerical point of view they have been studied extensively over the past years. We will mainly focus on viscous fluid interacting with an elastic structure. The purpose of the present lecture is to present an overview of some of the mathematical and numerical difficulties that may be encountered when dealing with fluid-structure interaction problems such as the geometrical nonlinearities or the added mass effect and how one can deal with these difficulties.
Many physical phenomena deal with a fluid interacting with a moving rigid or deformable structure. These kinds of problems have a lot of important applications, for instance, in aeroelasticity, biomechanics, hydroelasticity, sedimentation, etc. From the analytical point of view as well as from the numerical point of view they have been studied extensively over the past years. We will mainly focus on viscous fluid interacting with an elastic ...

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## Post-edited  Darcy problem and crowd motion modeling Maury, Bertrand (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

We describe here formal analogies between the Darcy equations, that describe the flow of a viscous fluid in a porous medium, and some problems arising from the handing of congestion in crowd motion models.
At the microscopic level, individuals are identified to rigid discs, and the dual handling of the non overlapping constraint leads to discrete Darcy-like equations with a unilateral constraint that involves the velocities and interaction pressures, and that are set on the contact network. At the macroscopic level, a similar problem is obtained, that is set on the congested zone.
We emphasize the differences between the two settings: at the macroscopic level, a straight use of the maximum principle shows that congestion actually favors evacuation, which is in contradiction with experimental evidence. On the contrary, in the microscopic setting, the very particular structure of the discrete differential operators makes it possible to reproduce observed "Stop and Go waves", and the so called "Faster is Slower" effect.
We describe here formal analogies between the Darcy equations, that describe the flow of a viscous fluid in a porous medium, and some problems arising from the handing of congestion in crowd motion models.
At the microscopic level, individuals are identified to rigid discs, and the dual handling of the non overlapping constraint leads to discrete Darcy-like equations with a unilateral constraint that involves the velocities and interaction ...

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## Post-edited  The geometrical gyro-kinetic approximation Frénod, Emmanuel (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

At the end of the 70', Littlejohn [1, 2, 3] shed new light on what is called the Gyro-Kinetic Approximation. His approach incorporated high-level mathematical concepts from Hamiltonian Mechanics, Differential Geometry and Symplectic Geometry into a physical affordable theory in order to clarify what has been done for years in the domain. This theory has been being widely used to deduce the numerical methods for Tokamak and Stellarator simulation. Yet, it was formal from the mathematical point of view and not directly accessible for mathematicians.
This talk will present a mathematically rigorous version of the theory. The way to set out this Gyro-Kinetic Approximation consists of the building of a change of coordinates that decouples the Hamiltonian dynamical system satisfied by the characteristics of charged particles submitted to a strong magnetic field into a part that concerns the fast oscillation induced by the magnetic field and a other part that describes a slower dynamics.
This building is made of two steps. The goal of the first one, so-called "Darboux Algorithm", is to give to the Poisson Matrix (associated to the Hamiltonian system) a form that would achieve the goal of decoupling if the Hamiltonian function does not depend on one given variable. Then the second change of variables (which is in fact a succession of several ones), so-called "Lie Algorithm", is to remove the given variable from the Hamiltonian function without changing the form of the Poisson Matrix.
(Notice that, beside this Geometrical Gyro-Kinetic Approximation Theory, an alternative approach, based on Asymptotic Analysis and Homogenization Methods was developed in Frenod and Sonnendrücker [5, 6, 7], Frenod, Raviart and Sonnendrücker [4], Golse and Saint-Raymond [9] and Ghendrih, Hauray and Nouri [8].)
At the end of the 70', Littlejohn [1, 2, 3] shed new light on what is called the Gyro-Kinetic Approximation. His approach incorporated high-level mathematical concepts from Hamiltonian Mechanics, Differential Geometry and Symplectic Geometry into a physical affordable theory in order to clarify what has been done for years in the domain. This theory has been being widely used to deduce the numerical methods for Tokamak and Stellarator s...

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## Post-edited  Interview au CIRM : Yvon Maday Maday, Yvon (Personne interviewée) | CIRM (Editeur )

Le CIRM : écrin estival du CEMRACS depuis 20 ans !

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## Post-edited  Numerical methods for mean field games - Lecture 2: Monotone finite difference schemes Achdou, Yves (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Recently, an important research activity on mean field games (MFGs for short) has been initiated by the pioneering works of Lasry and Lions: it aims at studying the asymptotic behavior of stochastic differential games (Nash equilibria) as the number $n$ of agents tends to infinity. The field is now rapidly growing in several directions, including stochastic optimal control, analysis of PDEs, calculus of variations, numerical analysis and computing, and the potential applications to economics and social sciences are numerous.
In the limit when $n \to +\infty$, a given agent feels the presence of the others through the statistical distribution of the states. Assuming that the perturbations of a single agent's strategy does not influence the statistical states distribution, the latter acts as a parameter in the control problem to be solved by each agent. When the dynamics of the agents are independent stochastic processes, MFGs naturally lead to a coupled system of two partial differential equations (PDEs for short), a forward Fokker-Planck equation and a backward Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation.
The latter system of PDEs has closed form solutions in very few cases only. Therefore, numerical simulation are crucial in order to address applications. The present mini-course will be devoted to numerical methods that can be used to approximate the systems of PDEs.
The numerical schemes that will be presented rely basically on monotone approximations of the Hamiltonian and on a suitable weak formulation of the Fokker-Planck equation.
These schemes have several important features:

- The discrete problem has the same structure as the continous one, so existence, energy estimates, and possibly uniqueness can be obtained with the same kind of arguments

- Monotonicity guarantees the stability of the scheme: it is robust in the deterministic limit

- convergence to classical or weak solutions can be proved

Finally, there are particular cases named variational MFGS in which the system of PDEs can be seen as the optimality conditions of some optimal control problem driven by a PDE. In such cases, augmented Lagrangian methods can be used for solving the discrete nonlinear system. The mini-course will be orgamized as follows

1. Introduction to the system of PDEs and its interpretation. Uniqueness of classical solutions.

2. Monotone finite difference schemes

3. Examples of applications

4. Variational MFG and related algorithms for solving the discrete system of nonlinear equations
Recently, an important research activity on mean field games (MFGs for short) has been initiated by the pioneering works of Lasry and Lions: it aims at studying the asymptotic behavior of stochastic differential games (Nash equilibria) as the number $n$ of agents tends to infinity. The field is now rapidly growing in several directions, including stochastic optimal control, analysis of PDEs, calculus of variations, numerical analysis and ...

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## Multi angle  Data Assimilation: a deterministic vision, theory and applications. Lecture 1: Least-square estimation Moireau, Philippe (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

The question of using the available measurements to retrieve mathematical models characteristics (parameters, boundary conditions, initial conditions) is a key aspect of the modeling objective in biology or medicine. In a stochastic/statistical framework this question is seen as an estimation problems. From a deterministic point of view, we classical talk about inverse problems as we recover classical model inputs from outputs. When considering evolution problems,this question falls in the realm of data assimilation that can be seen from a deterministic of statistical point of view. Our objective in this course is to introduce the mathematical principles and numerical aspects behind data assimilation strategies with an emphasis on the deterministic formalism allowing to understand why data assimilation is a specific inverse problem. Our presentation will include considerations on finite dimensional problems but also on infinite dimensional problems such as the ones arising from PDE models. And we will illustrate the course with numerous examples coming from cardiovascular applications and biology.
The question of using the available measurements to retrieve mathematical models characteristics (parameters, boundary conditions, initial conditions) is a key aspect of the modeling objective in biology or medicine. In a stochastic/statistical framework this question is seen as an estimation problems. From a deterministic point of view, we classical talk about inverse problems as we recover classical model inputs from outputs. When considering ...

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## Multi angle  Mathematics behind some phenomena in crowd motion : Stop and Go waves and Capacity Drop Maury, Bertrand (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

This minicourse aims at providing tentative explanations of some specific phenomena observed in the motion of crowds, or more generally collections of living entities. The first lecture shall focus on the so-called Stop and Go Waves, which sometimes spontaneously emerge and persist in crowds in motion. We shall present a general class of dynamical systems which are likely to exhibit this type of instabilities, and emphasize the critical role of two basic ingredients: the asymmetry of interactions, and any sort of delay in the transmission of information through the network of entities. The second lecture will address the Capacity Drop Phenomenon (decrease of the flux though a bottleneck when the upstream density becomes too high), and the more paradoxical Faster is Slower Effect (in some regimes, attempts to go quicker may slow down the overall process). We shall in particular detail how an accurate description of the relative position of entities (at the microscopic level) is crucial to recover and understand those effects.
This minicourse aims at providing tentative explanations of some specific phenomena observed in the motion of crowds, or more generally collections of living entities. The first lecture shall focus on the so-called Stop and Go Waves, which sometimes spontaneously emerge and persist in crowds in motion. We shall present a general class of dynamical systems which are likely to exhibit this type of instabilities, and emphasize the critical role of ...

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## Multi angle  Irreversible electroporation of liver malignancy: a new opportunity of curative treatment for patients not amenable to resection and thermal ablation Seror, Olivier (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is the sole physical ablative technology inducing tumorous cell death by process unrelated to thermal effect. This characteristic makes the technique suitable for the treatment of subtypes of liver tumors especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) located next to critical structures leading to contraindications to thermal ablation like radiofrequency, microwave or cryotherapy. However, while IRE appears safe in such assumed challenging cases for thermal techniques, several issues remain to be addressed to make its use easier and more effective in clinical practice. First of all, tissue changes induced by IRE must be assessed keeping in mind that conversely to thermal techniques its efficacy is not limited to observable coagulative necrotic component of treatment zone. In addition, IRE which is multibipolar ablative technology requires meticulous demanding electrodes positioning to ensure proper magnitude of electric fields between each dipole. Finally, numerical simulations of IRE are mandatory to ease the setting of electrical pulses parameters to improve predictability of treatment in each individual case. In this setting of continue efforts to improve practicability of IRE the technique is routinely used in our institution since several years for the treatment of patients bearing early and locally advanced HCC not amenable to resection or thermal ablation. All along our experience with IRE, imaging appeared as a key point for addressing the specific issues listed above. For the 58 first patients 92% of complete ablation were achieved while the one-year local tumor progression free survival was 70% (95% CI: 56%, 81%). Indeed, despite the need of improvements IRE appears right now as a unique opportunity to achieve complete sustained local tumor control for patient bearing early or locally advanced HCC not amenable to other curative treatments.
Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is the sole physical ablative technology inducing tumorous cell death by process unrelated to thermal effect. This characteristic makes the technique suitable for the treatment of subtypes of liver tumors especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) located next to critical structures leading to contraindications to thermal ablation like radiofrequency, microwave or cryotherapy. However, while IRE appears safe in ...

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## Multi angle  Fluid-structure interaction in the cardiovascular system. Lecture 2: Cardiac valves Gerbeau, Jean-Frédéric (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

I will introduce the topic of computational cardiac electrophysiology and electrocardiograms simulation. Then I will address some questions of general interest, like the modeling of variability and the extraction of features from biomedical signals, relevant for identification and classification. I will illustrate this research with an example of application to the pharmaceutical industry.

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## Multi angle  Fluid-structure interaction in the cardiovascular system. Lecture 1: Forward problems Gerbeau, Jean-Frédéric (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

I will introduce the topic of computational cardiac electrophysiology and electrocardiograms simulation. Then I will address some questions of general interest, like the modeling of variability and the extraction of features from biomedical signals, relevant for identification and classification. I will illustrate this research with an example of application to the pharmaceutical industry.

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## Multi angle  Multi-level mathematical models for cell migration in dense fibrous environments Preziosi, Luigi (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Cell-extracellular matrix interaction and the mechanical properties of cell nucleus have been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in cell movement across fibre networks and micro-channels and then in the spread of cancer metastases. The lectures will be aimed at presenting several mathematical models dealing with such a problem, starting from modelling cell adhesion mechanics to the inclusion of influence of nucleus stiffness in the motion of cells, through continuum mechanics, kinetic models and individual cell-based models.
Cell-extracellular matrix interaction and the mechanical properties of cell nucleus have been demonstrated to play a fundamental role in cell movement across fibre networks and micro-channels and then in the spread of cancer metastases. The lectures will be aimed at presenting several mathematical models dealing with such a problem, starting from modelling cell adhesion mechanics to the inclusion of influence of nucleus stiffness in the motion ...

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## Multi angle  Data Assimilation: a deterministic vision, theory and applications. Lecture 2: Asymptotic observers Moireau, Philippe (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

The question of using the available measurements to retrieve mathematical models characteristics (parameters, boundary conditions, initial conditions) is a key aspect of the modeling objective in biology or medicine. In a stochastic/statistical framework this question is seen as an estimation problems. From a deterministic point of view, we classical talk about inverse problems as we recover classical model inputs from outputs. When considering evolution problems,this question falls in the realm of data assimilation that can be seen from a deterministic of statistical point of view. Our objective in this course is to introduce the mathematical principles and numerical aspects behind data assimilation strategies with an emphasis on the deterministic formalism allowing to understand why data assimilation is a specific inverse problem. Our presentation will include considerations on finite dimensional problems but also on infinite dimensional problems such as the ones arising from PDE models. And we will illustrate the course with numerous examples coming from cardiovascular applications and biology.
The question of using the available measurements to retrieve mathematical models characteristics (parameters, boundary conditions, initial conditions) is a key aspect of the modeling objective in biology or medicine. In a stochastic/statistical framework this question is seen as an estimation problems. From a deterministic point of view, we classical talk about inverse problems as we recover classical model inputs from outputs. When considering ...

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## Multi angle  Large deviations for Poisson driven processes in epidemiology Kratz, Peter (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

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## Multi angle  Mathématiques du hasard et de l'évolution Méléard, Sylvie (Auteur de la Conférence) | CIRM (Editeur )

Lorsque l'on évoque Darwin et la théorie de l'évolution, on ne pense pas aux mathématiques. Pourtant dès que l'on s'intéresse aux mécanismes de la sélection naturelle, au hasard de la reproduction et au rôle des mutations, il est indispensable de les utiliser.
Après une introduction historique aux idées de Darwin sur l'évolution des espèces, nous expliquons l'impact de sa théorie et de ses réflexions sur la communauté scientifique et l'influence qu'il a eue sur la modélisation mathématique des dynamiques de population ou de la génétique des populations. Nous développons quelques exemples d'objets mathématiques, tels les processus de branchement, qui permettent de prédire le futur d'une population (son extinction, sa diversité…) ou au contraire d'en connaître le passé biologique (l'ancêtre commun d'un groupe d'individus par exemple). L'introduction du hasard dans la modélisation des questions liées à la biodiversité et à l'évolution est fondamentale. Elle permet de prendre en compte les variabilités individuelles et de mieux comprendre l'impact des facteurs écologiques et génétiques sur l'évolution des espèces.
Ces idées seront illustrées par des exemples issus de travaux récents développés entre mathématiciens et biologistes.
Lorsque l'on évoque Darwin et la théorie de l'évolution, on ne pense pas aux mathématiques. Pourtant dès que l'on s'intéresse aux mécanismes de la sélection naturelle, au hasard de la reproduction et au rôle des mutations, il est indispensable de les utiliser.
Après une introduction historique aux idées de Darwin sur l'évolution des espèces, nous expliquons l'impact de sa théorie et de ses réflexions sur la communauté scientifique et l'influence ...

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