Focusing X-ray optics are a key element for a variety of different X-ray experiments. For hard X-rays, several types of optics are available for this purpose, which allow efficient focusing from sub-millimeter to sub-10 nm range. This talk provides an overview of the state-of-the art and emphasizes pros and cons of the individual optics schemes, e.g. regarding photon energy range, efficiency, achievable focus size, working distance as well as considerations regarding the complexity of the fabrication and implementation to an experimental setup. The fabrication, characterization and application of Multilayer Laue Lenses (MLL) with long working distances is presented in detail.[-]

Extreme events are of primarily importance for understanding the impact of climate change. However, because they are too rare and realistic models are too complex, traditional deep neural networks are inefficient for predictions. We cope with this lack of data using rare event simulations. From the best climate models, we oversample extremely rare events and obtain several hundreds more events than with usual climate runs, at a fixed numerical cost. Coupled with deep neural networks this approach improves drastically the prediction of extreme heat waves.[-]