Résumé : Following Grothendieck's vision that a motive of an algebraic variety should capture many of its cohomological invariants, Voevodsky introduced a triangulated category of motives which partially realises this idea. After describing some of the properties of this category, I explain how to define the motive of certain algebraic stacks. I will then focus on defining and studying the motive of the moduli stack of vector bundles on a smooth projective curve and show that this motive can be described in terms of the motive of this curve and its symmetric powers. If there is time, I will give a conjectural formula for this motive, and explain how this follows from a conjecture on the intersection theory of certain Quot schemes. This is joint work with Simon Pepin Lehalleur.