Mathematical modeling and numerical mathematics of today is very much Lagrangian and modern automated modeling techniques lead to differential-algebraic systems. The optimal control for such systems in general cannot be obtained using the classical Euler-Lagrange approach or the maximum principle, but it is shown how this approach can be extended.

Necessary conditions for infinite horizon optimal controls problem can be obtained by the alternative theorem. This theorem requires that the range of a shift operator on a functional space is closed. It will be shown that this is the case if the dynamics of the problem is hyperbolic but may fail to be so if it is not.

The geometric control theory is concerned with the study of control systems in finite dimension, that is dynamical systems on which one can act by a control. After a brief introduction to controllability properties of control systems, we will see how basic techniques from control theory can be used to obtain for example generic properties in Hamiltonians dynamics.